Dorothea Dix Quotes

Dorothea Dix, an activist who served in the Civil War as Superintendent of Female Nurses, also worked for reform of treatment for the mentally ill. Selected Dorothea Dix Quotes †¢ I think even lying on my bed I can still do something. [attributed, possibly incorrectly] †¢ The tapestry of history has no point at which you can cut it and leave the design intelligible. †¢ In a world where there is so much to be done, I felt strongly impressed that there must be something for me to do. †¢Ã‚  I come to present the strong claims of suffering humanity. I come to place before the Legislature of Massachusetts the condition of the miserable, the desolate, the outcast. I come as the advocate of helpless, forgotten, insane men and women; of beings sunk to a condition from which the unconcerned world would start with real horror. †¢ Society, during the last hundred years, has been alternately perplexed and encouraged, respecting the two great questions — how shall the criminal and pauper be disposed of, in order to reduce crime and reform the criminal on the one hand, and, on the other, to diminish pauperism and restore the pauper to useful citizenship? [Remarks on Prisons and Prison Discipline in the United States] †¢Ã‚  Moderate employment, moderate exercise, as much freedom as is consistent with the safety of the patient, and as little apparent anxious watchfulness with cheerful society should be sought. †¢Ã‚  This sentiment of satisfaction in being useful, the guardian of the insane cannot too carefully watch over and foster since it conducts to self-control and self-respect. Incurables who are able and willing to work, are much more contented and enjoy better health when employed. †¢ If County Jails must be resorted to for security against the dangerous propensities of madmen, let such use of prison-rooms and dungeons be but temporary. †¢Ã‚  I admit that public peace and security are seriously endangered by the non-restraint of the maniacal insane. I consider it in the highest degree improper that they should be allowed to range the towns and country without care or guidance; but this does not justify the public in any State or community, under any circumstances or conditions, in committing the insane to prisons; in a majority of cases the rich may be, or are sent to Hospitals; the poor under the pressure of this calamity, have the same just claim upon the public treasury, as the rich have upon the private purse of their family as they have the need, so have they the right to share the benefits of Hospital treatment.   †¢ A man usually values that most for which he has labored; he uses that most frugally which he has toiled hour by hour and day by day to acquire. †¢ While we diminish the stimulant of fear, we must increase to prisoners the incitements of hope: in proportion as we extinguish the terrors of the law, we should awaken and strengthen the control of the conscience. [emphasis in original] †¢ Man is not made better by being degraded; he is seldom restrained from crime by harsh measures, except the principle of fear predominates in his character; and then he is never made radically better for its influence.

The Media And Society Influence On Gender Roles - 1116 Words

Critically consider at least one key academic argument from the course so far, evaluating its relevance and impact in terms of the social world in which you live. The media and societies influence on gender roles Introduction Gender stereotypes are everywhere. ‘Both masculinities and femininities come into existence at specific times and places and are always subject to change.’ (Connell, 1995: 185 cited in Wharton, 2012: 6). The term gender is a ‘doing’ word. It is a constant, active process. A role, is the expected behaviour which is associated with a status. Roles are performed according to social norms, shared rules that guide people’s behaviour in specific situations.’ (The sociology of gender). The media play a huge role, it is argued, in acculturating men and women into separate gender roles based on their sex. Implying the idea that gender is learned and not ‘human nature’ (Jaggar, 1983) (Ross, Karen 2011). Human behaviour is something that on a day to day basis is learned, being through our social interactions and relationships with others. In this essay I aim to identify the influence that the media and society depicts on the concept of gender roles and ideas which surround this topic. I will be exploring parental influences as well as the effects of primary socialisation of Television and toys, on children’s gender. Then to go on, in deeper detain to the way that the media creates and emphasises the gender divisions between male and female. Parents have anShow MoreRelatedSocial Media and Society Negatively Influence Gender Roles1376 Words   |  5 Pages Social media and society negatively influence gender roles and perpetuates stereotypical gender behavior. These influences can be found in sports, school, the arts, and the workplace. No matter what stage of life a person is in they will continue to be bombarded by the harshness of stereotypes. However, between the ages of 9 and 15 people are at their most vulnerable state because they are evaluating the people around them and are able to see how media perceives gender roles. Although, men are affectedRead MoreAcceptance Of Gay Rights And Gender Roles1063 Words   |  5 PagesAcceptance is the key to a successful society. Acceptance of gay rights and gender roles are constantly changing. Over time new problems are introduced to the world and new solutions will be developed to solve the problem. The solution, to the problem, will be given through the media. Media is cl assified as books, newspapers, radio, television, and the Internet. Authors of different media devices try to send a message to society through media. The way individuals interpret the information is basedRead MoreGender Labeling And Gender Stereotypes1551 Words   |  7 Pagesand females are Gender Stereotypes (Deaux Kite, 1993). Gender labeling is frequently used in global broadcasting to boost characteristics of how a certain people; those in control of the broadcast- view gender roles and how they want society to view them also. Stereotyping is prevalent in popular television shows, music videos, the workforce and various other advertisement billboards in the U.S. It is difficult to oppose the stereotypical behavior that is displayed in the media that supposedlyRead MoreToys as Role Models1114 Words   |  5 PagesToys as Role Models Judy Attfield, who holds a PhD in history and design, has written numerous articles in relation to design history. Her articles, often written in a formal and informative style, concentrate on parenting and family issues. Citing the differences in the maneuverability designs of Barbie and Action Man, which embody the stereotypical clichà © of feminine passivity and masculine activity respectively, â€Å"Barbie and Action Man: Adult toys for girls and boys, 1959-93† (P. Kirkham (EdRead MoreEffects Of Mass Media And Gender889 Words   |  4 PagesGender Socialization In today’s society, we see the effects of mass media and media imaging more than we have in any era before. Whether it be the large amount of new social media apps, the access to growing technology and communication throughout the world, or simply the millions of viewers and users, social media has become one, if not the most influential source in the world. This gives mass media the power to create, destroy, and spread any image or idea having a large effect on the audienceRead MoreThe American Psychological Association Defines Gender Identity1301 Words   |  6 Pages Gender James Gadoury January 12, 2015 Professor Cormier English 101 The American Psychological Association defines gender identity as â€Å"one’s sense of oneself as male, female, or transgender† (â€Å"Definition of Terms: Sex, Gender, Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation† 1). Our culture greatly affects our gender identity, and this can be seen through how our media displays men, women, and transgenders. The media is a reflection of the values that are held in American culture and can be used toRead MoreThe Expression Of Aggression And Gender920 Words   |  4 Pagesrelated to gender Do you know that some people says men and women are equally when they show aggressive behavior! This change is be more acceptable; especially, after scientists define relational or indirect aggression that women like to exhibit. However, the old studies believe that men are more likely to be aggressive. The question is what is the motivation to make people behave aggressively? The expression of aggression is related to gender because social roles and media influences have a hugelyRead MoreGender Identity And Children And Gender1335 Words   |  6 PagesGender Identity Children and Gender Gender Identity refers to how we feel and express our gender. From the time we are born, we are identified as being a male or a female. We learn gender identity from others and interaction helps produce it. A baby by the age of 1 knows if they are a boy or girl and by the age of 2 to 3 they form an opinion about the way they feel about their gender. Children take cues from their environment and the people around them to form gender identity. Anthony SchulloRead MoreSocial Medi The End Of Gender1310 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Media: The End of Gender Maurice Brigham brighamm1966@faytechcc.edu Paper Submitted as Fulfillment of the Requirements for COM 231: Interpersonal Communication Fayetteville Technical Community College 09 May 2016 â€Æ' Abstract Social media has often been referred to as a social institution capable of influencing worldwide audiences through the shaping of gender norms. Gender identity is no longer decided at birth, but whenever culture and social conditions dictate. â€Å"Social media, theRead MoreUnconsciously, We Have All Been Affected Or Can Relate1358 Words   |  6 Pageswe have all been affected or can relate to the effects of gender role stereotyping. From the day we were born, we are labeled as either boy or girl. Although, society has changed its norm in gender roles, many of our traditions have not. In the gender stereotype, we commonly relate a boy with the color blue, and a girl with the color pink. Gender roles have been instilled in us from past generations, due to the way that society was. Gender labeling is still influenced today through children’s toys

Consciousness Essay example - 1315 Words

Consciousness To define such a universally experienced phenomena as consciousness may seem on the most superficial level rather unnecessary. Yet a more scientific, and at times philosophical, investigation into the phenomena demands some sort of confirmed interpretation which supercedes any such common understanding. For our purposes the content of consciousness may be deemed those things of which one is aware and thus can report. Thinking, as well, and the higher-level mechanisms associated there in may also be components of this consciousness. While additionally an individuals conception that the way in which she experiences the world comes from more than just the neuronal activity of her brain can be understood as a contribution†¦show more content†¦Certain individuals who have experienced extensive damage to those cortical areas related to sight may report an inability to perceive visual stimuli. In some cases, when presented with a moving spot of light, such individuals who claim to have witnessed no optical occurrence whatsoever will subsequently guess, well above chance level, the direction of the lights movement (1). In this phenomena of blindsight it would be the individuals on-line system (or I-function) which provokes the claims that he perceives no stimuli while clearly the seeing system has, though on an unconscious level, seen something (1). In an attempt to determine the location of the neuronal correlate of consciousness Crick and Koch conducted research that used images characterized by their bistable precepts. Such visual stimuli (ex: the Serendip - directional arrows) present a constant visual input which results in two possible subject precepts - which tend to alternate in conscious perception. An experimental determination is subsequently made as to which neurons in the brain are attending to the input and which to the precept (whichever is being conceived at that moment). This type of investigative procedure has been preformed on the macaque visual system and results from research published in 1989 by Logothetis indicated that monkeys (non-human primates) and humans perceive such bistable inputs inShow MoreRelatedThe Mystery Of Consciousness And Consciousness Essay1338 Words   |  6 PagesConsciousness has been referred to as ‘the hard problem’, and still remains to be one of the baffling conundru ms of our generation. Even so, that the world’s greatest mind could not possibly solve the mystery of consciousness. Consciousness is the subjective perception of the self. Consciousness allows us to feel happy, to solve problems, and to create memories. Throughout the nineteenth century and beyond, however, consciousness has laid beyond the confines of science. Rene Descartes , a FrenchRead MoreConsciousness795 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Consciousness Physical†¦.Or Not The statements â€Å"I have a guilty conscious† and â€Å"My conscious eating me alive† are phrases that have been giving physical meaning by everyday people. What has not been given merit is the imaginable state of consciousness or ones conscious. Are the statements true or just simply a saying with no meaning? For starters consciousness is a mystical network. It has several different extraordinary characters. One David Chalmers says it has a â€Å"unified and a differentiatedRead MorePossibilities Of Consciousness And Human Consciousness1452 Words   |  6 PagesPossibilities of Consciousness Imagine a future that’s filled with robots walking among us, acting like us, talking like us, and except for the metal body, being exactly like us. Would you live in fear of them, or would they’re existence simply excite and motivate your experience of life? The human consciousness is a highly strategic aspect in our lives, but is it only meant for humans? Consciousness is what makes us truly come alive, it’s where we keep our memories, feelings, and the innermost characteristicsRead MoreConsciousness : The Common Conception Of Consciousness1786 Words   |  8 PagesGrowing up the common conception of what consciousness pertains to what is done with thought. However, when taking an in-depth examination of this topic, it appears that there is more to it than that. It is one of the most familiar concepts in the world, yet, it has a mysterious factor to it. Consciousness poses a baffling problem of the mind. It raises many questions surrounding its definition and f urthermore how it correlates to everything else that we know today. Chalmers in his work (put nameRead MoreIdentity, Consciousness, And Building The Personal Consciousness897 Words   |  4 PagesThis previous month has been fascinating; we secured difficult issues in our Identity consciousness and Building the Personal consciousness at home workshop furthermore had energizing days with our High school b-ball group and there Spring Season that was a good time for all. We additionally secured exams rehearse; additionally we had a helping scholarly help also. Identity Consciousness Workshop: Since the issue of identity appeared to be a repeating variable in a number of the situations brokeRead MoreOutline of Consciousness1283 Words   |  6 PagesSection 4: Consciousness Pages 114-117 I. Defining Consciousness a. Consciousness is commonly defined as being aware of the immediate environment. i. For example, knowing when to go to class or work. b. Consciousness also deals with awareness of your thoughts, feelings, and memories. i. Examples 1. Making plans for dates. 2. Getting annoyed at your performance in school. 3. Thinking back about good times with your friends. c. Early psychologists and their studies i. When early psychologistsRead MoreConsciousness Is Not An Illusion1631 Words   |  7 PagesConsciousness poses the most baffling challenges in scientific realm of the mind. There’s nothing with which we share an intimate relation than conscious experience, but there’s nothing so strenuous or demanding to explain. Perhaps no other aspect of mind is more puzzling than this mystifying experience that we encounter in our every day life. There’s a widespread disparity amongst individuals regarding the existence of this entity. Some might argue that consciousness is not more than a foolish ideaRead MoreThe Mechanics of Consciousness1571 Words   |  6 PagesConsciousness it is a state of awareness on both the external and internal actions and reaction toward different stimulus. Consciousness has greater impacts on our daily life and could influence survival of different organisms that lives on planet earth. The benefits is that it offers protection as it control t he self .Consciousness regulate what we think and the reaction that we respond to the different experiences that we undergo on daily basis. Also, it allows us to either allow a thought or respondRead MoreThe As A Stream Of Consciousness976 Words   |  4 Pagesfeelings intended for the female onto Nature and then proceeds to sexualize Nature. â€Å"For Freud, every thought is unconscious before it is conscious† (Thurschwell, 4). With that being said, the imagination allows unconscious thoughts to reach consciousness once they are written. They exist within the imagination until consciously, the narrator releases the words through a process Freud refers to as â€Å"free association† and allows them to exist on the page. Free Association when used in psychoanalysisRead MoreConsciousness Is Not An Illusion1631 Words   |  7 PagesConsciousness poses the most baffling challenges in scientific realm of the mind. There’s nothing with which we share an intimate relation than conscious experience, but there’s nothing so strenuous or demanding to explain. Perhaps no other aspect of mind is more puzzling than this mystifying experience that we encounter in our every day life. There’s a widespread disparity amongst individuals regarding the existence of this entity. Some might argue that consciou sness is not more than a foolish idea

“No Matter The Reason, Revenge Causes A Cycle That Continues

â€Å"No matter the reason, revenge causes a cycle that continues and never ends. It poisons the lives of everyone around you, close to you. Seeking revenge becomes all that you desire but comes at a hefty price.† It is as though Aaron Gromis reflected the tragedy of William Shakespeare s Hamlet, as he uttered these timeless words. In Shakespeare s longest play, several of the characters become engulfed in the desire to kill their foes for their wrongdoings. Their thirst for revenge provokes them to act in irrational manners and fills their mind, body, and soul like poison. It inhibits them from doing anything else and ultimately consumes them into nothingness with no greater good achieved. Shakespeare uses these characters to highlight†¦show more content†¦Hamlet feels unable to take revenge unless he is absolutely sure of Claudius guilt. Hamlet fears that the Ghost is not his father but an evil spirit sent to tempt him to Hell. So he devises a plan to gather ev idence and facts before he kills Claudius. Hamlet comes out of character in order for the plan to work and loses himself in the process. Hamlet decides to act insane and unstable in front of his peers and family in order to closely observe his uncle and to give him enough time to get Claudius to admit his sins, for no one pays attention to the crazy man and no one will bother him. Hamlet acts as though he is severely devastated by his death and that it has caused him to lose his sanity. He is short and rude to his mother and terribly insults Ophelia,his true love, all in the wave of justifying revenge. Hamlet and Ophelia are in love but are not allowed to be together for Ophelia’s father and brother Laertes feel as though Hamlet’s intentions are not true and that she will not be married to him for he can not pick to whom he shall marry. This creates conflict between them and Hamlet uses it as fuel to manifest his illusion. He is rude, ignorant and chaste to Ophelia an d tells her to go to a nunnery and commit herself to the lord (Act 2, scene 5). He drives away those he loves for they are not acknowledging his father’s death as he would desire and have moved on with their lives. This deepens his thirst to prove Claudius s guilt and give himShow MoreRelatedNo Matter The Reason, Revenge Causes A Cycle That Continues1108 Words   |  5 PagesNo matter the reason, revenge causes a cycle that continues and never ends. It poisons the lives of everyone around you, close to you. Seeking revenge becomes all that you desire but comes at a hefty price.† It is as though Aaron Gromis reflected the tragedy of William Shakespeare s Hamlet, as he uttered these timeless words. In Shakespeare s longest play, several of the characters become engulfed in the desire to kill their foes for their wrongdoings. Their thirst for revenge provokes themRead MoreRahul Bagga. Mr. Leighton. English 4, Period 3. 09 May1646 Words   |  7 PagesRahul Bagga Mr. Leighton English 4, Period 3 09 May 2017 Revenge? According to global issues, 12.6 million people die from diseases every year. Similar to diseases, acts of violence takes away lives of 1.6 million people every year as well. Astonishing and shocking news to some, but sadly this is the truth and many people do not choose to step up to help prevent this from happening. In the short story written by Alex Kotlowitz entitled Blocking the Transmission of Violence, a group of ex-gang membersRead MoreWuthering Heights1634 Words   |  7 PagesThrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights play ironic roles in the emotional and physical suffering of the characters that overall created a generational cycle of revenge that is told from the neutral perspective of Nelly Dean to Lockwood. Nelly Dean was the maid to the Earnshaw and Linton family and was a neutral witness to the generational cycle of revenge and suffering. She tells the story of the Earnshaw and Linton families to Lockwood, the new resident of Thrushcross Grange, because he is curious ofRead MoreCapital Punishment1137 Words   |  5 PagesFirst Precept requires individuals to abstain from injuring or killing any living creature.† From the doctrine, it is clear that no physical punishment is justified, no matter how bad the crime. Chapter 10 of the Dhammapada (2012) states, Everyone fears punishment; everyone fears death, just as you do. Therefore you do not kill or cause to be killed. Buddhists are taught to forgive other’s wrong done and they believe in the superior power of the Buddha s teaching to rehabilitate murderers and otherRead MoreA Better Understanding Of The Great Mexican By Juan Rulfo1630 Words   |  7 Pagescorrectional school of sorts. The era from 1928 to 1934 was known as the Maximato period, where Mexico’s government was that of a populist one. The majority of the era’s presidency was ran by Elà ­as Calles. During this period of fascism, Rulfo decided to continue his studies in Mexico City in 1933 at the National U niversity. Unable to afford it, Rulfo dropped out of university and decided to become a writer, despite his economic condition at the time. As Rulfo’s writing career began to flourish, the topicsRead MoreGermanic Culture Preserved in Beowulf1284 Words   |  6 Pagesmake sense to them because of the unwritten rules they have set up. The differences in these cultures make it difficult for people today to find interest in the values found in early Germanic times. Including Germanic values of courage, loyalty, and revenge in the story of Beowulf both teaches and preserves the early Germanic culture for future generations to learn from. An important aspect of life for the people in the poem, courage, made clear by the heroic deeds of Beowulf and later, Wiglaf, asRead MoreSecular Humanism - Death Penalty1046 Words   |  5 Pagesvery important tool in fighting violent pre-meditated murder. From my point of view as a secular humanist, death penalty should be banned as a form of punishment. Secular humanism is a philosophical school of thought that advocates the use of reason, compassion, scientific inquiry, ethics, justice, and equality. It appeals to agnostics, atheists, freethinkers, rationalists, skeptics, and materialists. Secular Humanism often finds itself in conflict with religious fundamentalism over the issueRead MoreThe Pillars Of The Prison System1221 Words   |  5 Pagesto rehabilitate them. People must realize that having one’s freedom taken away in and of itself is a punishment, no matter what prison a person is in. The focus on punishment in the U.S. justice system has made prison seem like a means for revenge rather than for punishment. Revenge will not help anyone, and will not improve the situation in any way. The feeling of getting revenge is a destructive one for the victim, for society, for everyone. On the other side of the world, 7000 miles across theRead MoreAn Eye for an Eye: The Death Penalty1553 Words   |  7 Pagesvirtually as long as human civilization has existed. The reasons why are apparent; it is intrinsically logical to human beings that a person who takes the life of another should also be killed. This philosophy is exemplified in the famous Biblical passage, An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. However, in light of recent research into ethics, criminology and the justice system, the time has come for us to re-examine our ageless paradigm of revenge. Capital punishment is a custom in which prisonersRead MorePros And Cons Of Capital Punishment1608 Words   |  7 Pagesdeterrence and prevention are good reasons to have the death penalty, but, in reality, the cons far outweigh the possible benefits that may come from capital punishment. The cost of imposing capital punishment is significantly higher than life in prison, the possibility of a wrong verdict is always plausible, and causing incitement are all cons of capital punishment. The death penalty should be abolished because it interferes with basic human rights and causes more harm than good. To begin with

Frederick Douglass Essay Free Essays

Frederick Douglass once said, â€Å"If there is no struggle, there is no progress. Those who profess to favor freedom, and deprecate agitation, are men who want crops without plowing up the ground, they want rain without thunder and lightning† (Think Exist). Frederick Douglass, a man born into slavery overcame numerous obstacles to eventually become a chief abolitionist as well as a diplomat. We will write a custom essay sample on Frederick Douglass Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Frederick Douglass got his hands on a book entitled â€Å"The Columbian Orator† and introduced himself to the word abolitionist. This sparked his interest and set off a fiery passion for freedom. Douglass realized that slaveholders used ignorance as a tool to enslave their subjects; slaveholders did not want slaves to have the capacities of reading and writing. If slaves could write, then the world could be exposed to the true nature and brutality of slavery. If slaves could read about freedom and a better life, it would give them the desire to escape, and the slave would become restless and despondent with his situation. In the autobiography The Narrative of the Life Frederick Douglass, Douglass used education and free will to gain his freedom. Frederick Douglass through learning how to read, how to write and how to speak had the ability to inform the outside world about the barbarity of slavery and also set him self free from the abyss and chains of slavery. When Frederick Douglass moved to Baltimore, Sophia Auld taught him his, A B C s. Frederick stated â€Å"Very soon after I went to live with Mr. and Mrs. Auld, she very kindly commenced to teach me the A, B, C. (Douglass 33). Douglass had started to learn words that contained three or four letters. Just as this started to happen Mr. Auld found out that his wife had been teaching a slave to read. He no longer allowed Mrs. Auld to teach him how to read, in his own words he said, â€Å"If you give a nigger an inch, he will take an ell. A nigger should know nothing but to obey his master–to do as he is told to do. Learning would spoil the be st nigger in the world†. These words sank deep with Douglass and he would never forget them. When he heard this it made him realize that he could do better and it stirred his imagination. Douglass wanted to learn more, and to accomplish this he says, (speaking of bread) â€Å" I used to bestow upon the hungry little urchins, who, in return, would give me that more valuable bread of knowledge (Douglass 38). In Douglass’ twelfth year of life he stated â€Å"the thought of being a slave for life began to bear heavily upon my heart. Just about this time, I got hold of a book entitled â€Å"The Columbian Orator. Every opportunity I got, I used to read this book. † This book exposed Frederick Douglass to the word abolition. With this word he became restless. Douglass realized that earlier in his life Mr. Auld had revealed the strategy by which whites slaveholders suppressed blacks as slaves and ways in which blacks might free themselves. â€Å"The week before our intended start, I wrote several protections, one for each of us† on Frederick Douglass’ f irst attempt to escape the grips of slavery he wrote a protection for him and his fellow slaves (Douglass 72). Having the ability to write, as a slave at this time remained unheard of. Persons would not be suspicious about the note because no slaves should have had the ability to write. With this ability to write Frederick also wrote the autobiography entitled The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, which sold nationally and had record-breaking sales. In Wendell Phillips letter to Frederick Douglass he explains that if people actually knew the slaves side of the story then it would not be such a problem for people to help free slaves. People saw slaves as incompetent and only having the ability to work for the white man. In the years following his freedom Douglass began speaking around the country about to perils and cruelties of slavery. Douglass’ speaking and writing, helped lead to the ratification of the thirteen fourteenth and fifteenth amendments. He also went around the country telling his story and had a very successful career as an abolitionist. Most persons did not believe Mr. Douglass had been a slave since he spoke so well. Back in his time, people regarded Frederick as the voice of the slaves. A chess piece in the civil rights movement Frederick Douglass, set of a chain reaction that changed the world. Frederick Douglass used education to prosper. Without education, African American people would not have the positions and statuses they have today. Had it not been for Frederick Douglass who overcame slavery and made a way out of no way. Frederick Douglass used his knowledge of reading, writing and his speaking skills to become the first African American person in a long line of people to try and break the wall of racism, and have equality for all. How to cite Frederick Douglass Essay, Essay examples

Transgenesis and Selective Breeding free essay sample

The relation between humans and genetic manipulation is older than we think. Humans have been manipulating the transfer of genetic information between organisms for over 10. 000 years. The first experiences were with cultivation of grains and domestication of animals. The facilities that these methods bring in order to keep having the necessary stuff for our survival make the humans improve their techniques. Now, with the advances of science, we have some sophisticated ways to make easier get the most wanted kinds of livestock and plants. Selective breeding and transgenesis are examples of popular (and successful) processes involving genetic manipulation in the current context. Transgenic cows Nowadays, with the many abilities of the science, techniques are improving livestock. One of them is the ability to engineer and altered DNA from organisms. These organisms are termed Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and may be modified one of 3 ways: by alteration of existing gene, by deletion of existing gene or by addition of foreign genetic material. The last one enables the GMO to express the trait coded by the new gene. These organisms are referred to as transgenic. The aims of transgenesis can be for specific economic traits or for disease models (animals genetically manipulated to exhibit disease symptoms so that effective treatment can be studied). The transgenic cows are an example of transgenic animals. As a transgenic animal, the transgenic cows have the extra gene (transgene) present in every  cell, but it’s only expressed in mammary tissue, making the transgenes protein only found and extracted from the cow’s milk. In New Zealand, the AgResearch have been successfully producing transgenic cows that make modified milk or produce therapeutic proteins to treat human diseases. Process Making a transgenic cow is a multi step process. Scientists who produce transgenic cows use a range of techniques including DNA cloning, restriction enzymes, ligation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), transformation, nuclear transfer and in vitro embryo production. In New Zealand, AgResearch have been doing diverse researches about transgenic cows. Now, with these, it is possible to simplify the technique to do transgenic cows in 7 steps: Step 1: Identification of trait First, the scientists make an analysis in order to solve problems and find the characteristics wanted in the transgenic animal. After decided the kind of livestock required, it is searched where it’s possible to find the transgene and how to align it logically. Step 2: Sourcing the transgene The desired gene sequence is extracted from the source organism’s DNA. The scientists obtain the sequence from a genomic library, that’s a collection of cloned segments of DNA containing at least one copy of every gene from a particular organism. The DNA product contains the organism’s entire DNA sequence, thus it is the desired trait plus the rest of the organism’s DNA. Step 3: Gene Isolation Once the gene has been indentified and located, the scientists need to remove the gene sequence from the rest of the DNA. With restriction enzymes, the DNA is cut leaving a bunch of pieces with varying lengths. One of which is the gene of interest. It will be with sticky ends in order to be easily glued back into a vector. This way, the transgene will have the specifically variant that is needed. Restriction Enzymes come from bacteria and are used as a defence mechanism. When viruses (or other bacteria) attack, bacteria kill them by cutting up in both strands of DNA, at a specific sequence, usually about 4-8 base pairs long. Step 4: Designing and constructing the gene After isolated, the transgene is made modifying parts of the gene. The gene construct is a unit of DNA that includes: A B C D A) A selectable marker gene: Usually an  antibiotic  resistance  gene. This is added in order to select cells that have successfully taken up the gene construct. B) A promoter sequence: A tissue-specific  promoter  sequence is used to correctly switched the start of expression from the  protein  in cells with appropriate tissue, for example, mammary cells in lactating cows. C) The desired gene D) A terminal sequence: A terminal sequence is needed to signal the cellular machinery that the end of the gene sequence has been reached. It all is connected with a ligation enzyme and mixed. This product is incubated in the water bath at 16 degrees for half an hour. Then, the scientists use the PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Polymerase Chain Reaction is a technique that allows scientists to copy and multiply a piece of DNA millions of times. The DNA is heated to 98? C so that is separates into single strands and polymerase enzyme is added to synthesis new DNA strands from supplied nucleotides. Step 5: Transformation into bovine cells The gene construct is incorporated into the  genome  of a cow cell  using a technique called transformation. Transformation involves the delivery of a transgene into the nucleus of a recipient cell and integration into a chromosome so it can be passed onto offspring. Since cows have billions of cells, it would be impossible to insert a copy of the transgene into every cell, so tissue culture techniques must be used. Tissue culture is the technique of obtaining samples of tissue, growing it outside the body without a scaffold, and reapplying it A bovine cell line is cultured in an incubator. During the transformation, holes are made in the cell  membrane  allowing the DNA to enter. The holes can be made by applying an electrical pulse or by adding chemicals to the cells. Once inside the cell, the gene construct may enter the  nucleus and incorporate into the cell’s genome. That can be done either by using an actual stimulus that interferes with the membrane and allows for a short time for the DNA to enter a cell or just by chemical reactions reagents that again interfere with a membrane that surrounds the cell and then allows temporarily for a DNA molecule to enter. The recipient genome is exposed to the transgenes in hopes that a few of the transgenes will actually be integrated into that recipient genome and then properly expressed. This is a rarely case and that’s why the next step involves selection of cells expressing the transgene. There is also concern that transformation might indirectly after the expression of other genes because of the unpredictable integration of transgene resulting in a toxic phenotype. Transform a bovine cell line is necessary because inject the transgene directly into a cow will only change the somatic cells, and the aim is affect the gametes to pass onto the offspring. Step 6: Selecting for transgene positive cells To know if the gene has successfully incorporated, it is needed to screen the cells. The cells are transferred to a selective growth medium containing an antibiotic or chemical, depending on which selectable marker was used. After the antibiotic or chemical is added, the cells that haven’t taken up the transgene will die. The other will survive because they contain an antibiotic resistance gene, making them resistant. The survivors will divide and form a small colony of identical cells. Then, it’s involved Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to photocopier and runs off a whole lot of copies of the gene in order to visualize that the transgene is actually present. The two strands in the DNA double helix need to be separated in a denaturation, done by raising the temperature of the DNA solution. This causes the hydrogen bonds between the complementary DNA chains to break, and the two strands separate. Next, the temperature is lowered and an enzyme joins free DNA nucleotides together. The order in which these nucleotides are joined to the new strand is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the original DNA strand which is being copied. The result is a double stranded DNA molecule which contains one newly made strand and one original strand. After, the newly created double helix is separated (by heating the solution) and the cycle is repeated. The cells are also tested by Southern Blotting, which includes DNA digestion, gel electrophoresis technique, blotting, probe labelling, hybridization washing and detection. To perform it, the bovine cell DNA is digested by restriction enzymes and run out on a gel. The DNA is denatured into single strand DNA and transferred to a piece of nylon membrane. Then a radioactive DNA probe is made containing the DNA sequence of the transgene of interest. The paper is rinsed with the probe, and if the probe is identical to any DNA sequence on the paper it will bind to it. Finally, the paper is exposed to X-ray film. A band or mark on the film indicates that the gene of interest is integrated into the bovine cell DNA. Step 7: Making a transgenic embryo using nuclear transfer and cloning Nuclear transfer is used to create a whole animal from a single transgenic bovine cell. The generation of a transgenic calf follows the same process as the generation of a cloned calf. Ovaries are collected from cows processed at the local abattoir. Eggs are removed from the ovaries and matured overnight in a special media. The nuclear material is then removed from the egg using a fine glass needle and a single cultured cell (carrying the transgene) is positioned against the cytoplasm of the egg (injection). The transgenic bovine cell is fused with a bovine oocyte (egg). An electrical pulse is applied to help fuse the cells. The reconstruct (egg + fused cell) is then chemically activated and placed into culture for development to begin. Once fused with the oocyte, the transgenic cell’s chromosomes are reprogrammed to direct development into an embryo. After 7 days, the transgenic embryo will become a blastocysts and will have about 150 cells, so they can be transferred into a  recipient  cow for further development to term. If the embryo develops to full term, after 9 months, the cow will give birth to a calf. To confirm that the calf is transgenic, scientists can check using: 1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – PCR can quickly establish whether the transgene is present or absent in the calf’s DNA. 2. Quantitative PCR (q-PCR) – q-PCR is to quantify how many copies of the transgene have been incorporated into the genome of the cell line. The q-PCR machine is a standard PCR but with the incorporation of a fluorescent dye that shows the amplification of the DNA product live on screen as the reaction carries out. 3. Fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (FISH) – FISH is a technique in which include take a biopsy from the animal, grow up cells back into culture, arrest them at metaphase and prepare some slides with those cells. With the slides is possible to probe where the transgene is in the chromosome  and visualize if it has integrated into more than one chromosome. 4. Analysing of protein expressed – When cows are two years old they may have their first calf, this way it is stimulated the lactation and milk production. At this point, the milk can be tested to determine whether transgenic proteins, like casein and myelin basic protein are present. Assuming the transgene has successfully integrated itself into the genome, it will be present in every cell of the animal that develops and will be passed on to following generations through regular sexual reproduction. Implications Interestingly, the creation of transgenic animals has resulted in a good turn of events. Transgenic technology holds great potential in many fields, including agriculture, medicine, and industry. The impact of transgenic animals reaches ecosystems, genetic biodiversity, health and survival of individuals, populations and evolution of populations. Some of the implications of the transgenic process are very important as: Impact over genetic biodiversity, health or survival of individuals and populations Improving livestock and animal health Transgenic technologies could be used to improve animal health by increasing  resistance to diseases. When technology using molecular biology was developed, it became possible to develop traits in animals in a shorter time and with more precision. In addition, scientists can improve the size of livestock genetically. Transgenesis can allow larger herds with specific traits. Improving food quality or making novel food products Improving the quantity or quality of the milk or meat from cows may be of value. For example, milk with extra casein requires less processing to make into cheese and will have increased calcium levels. AgResearch’s first  transgenic  cows had extra bovine kappa casein genes inserted in their  genome. This research proved to the scientists that transgenic technologies could be used to alter milk composition in cows. In the future, modified milk from transgenic cows could be used to benefit animal health, for example, by improving growth and survival of calves, prevent animal diseases, such as mastitis, make milk with human health benefits, assist milk processing into dairy products. Overseas milk or meat products from transgenic animals are not allowed to enter the animal or uman food supply in New Zealand. Creating therapeutic proteins Transgenic cows can be used as ‘biofactories’ to produce human therapeutic proteins. Therapeutic proteins are used to treat human diseases and they include hormones, antibodies, vaccines, growth factors and blood clotting factors. In June 2006, the first therapeutic  protein  made in a transgenic animal was approved for use in Europe and the USA. ATryn ®, a human antithrombin protein, is made in transgenic goats. The protein prevents blood clots in patients who don’t make their own version of this protein. Products such as insulin, growth hormone, and blood anti-clotting factors have already been obtained from the milk of transgenic cows too. Research is also underway to manufacture milk through transgenesis for treatment of debilitating diseases such as phenylketonuria (PKU), hereditary emphysema, and cystic fibrosis. The A. I. Virtanen Institute in Finland produced a calf with a gene that makes the substance that promotes the growth of red cells in humans. Scientists at AgResearch have generated transgenic cows that produce myelin basic protein (MBP) in their milk. MBP is part of the insulating layer that surrounds nerves. In patients with multiple sclerosis, this insulating layer is gradually destroyed, which prevents the nerves from communicating. Treatment with human MBP may help reduce symptoms of multiple sclerosis. Impact over ecosystems In New Zealand, to start a research as the transgenic cows by AgResearch, it is needed to follow strict guidelines for care and containment of the animals. Transgenic  cows are classed as new organisms and are regulated by the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms (HSNO) Act. The HSNO Act is overseen by the EPA, the Environmental Protection Agency. The EPA provides rules and regulations for introducing any hazardous substances or new organisms to New Zealand. Before any research can be done, an application must be made to  the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA). EPA evaluates the benefits and risks of any research and decides whether the work can begin. Anyone can make a submission on an application, which can support it, oppose it or support some parts and oppose others. Applications to EPA can be viewed on the EPA website. Environmental impact ERMA may place restrictions or require certain standards to be followed before giving approval for transgenic research work. For example, the transgenic cows at AgResearch are kept in a special containment facility at Ruakura with restricted access and environmental monitoring. Beyond, transgenic animals cannot leave the facility and the farmers must follow strict rules for waste disposal. The animal containment facility is monitored by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) New Zealand. All waste materials from the transgenic cow facility must be disposed of on site. Milk is treated by  fermentation, then diluted and sprayed over the pasture. After consultation with local Maori, it was agreed that all animal carcases would be buried on site. Impact over society Ethical frameworks Ethics is a crucial part of the nature of biotechnology. Transgenic animals can contain genes that would not normally arise through natural genetic variation. In New Zealand, transgenic technologies are highly regulated, with all genetically modified animals being kept in containment. However, using or adapting an animal raises issues about animal welfare, the environment, human health and wellbeing, and society. This issue may be viewed differently by different stakeholder groups according to their cultural, spiritual or religious beliefs and values. As part of the HSNO Act, scientists need to consult with Maori at a local and national level through meetings or  hui. Together, they consider the risks and benefits an application may pose to Maori  culture  or traditional relationships with ancestral lands, water, sites,  wahi tapu, valued  flora  and  fauna  or other  taonga. The ethics thinking tool must be used before any decision is made: Consequences  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ what are the benefits and risks? Rights and duties  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ what rights need to be protected and who is responsible for this? Autonomy  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ should individuals have the right to choose for themselves, or does one decision count for everyone? Virtue  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ what is the ‘good’ thing to do? Multiple perspectives  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ what perspectives do groups with other cultural, spiritual or religious views have? Ethical concerns must be addressed as the technology grows, including the issue of lab animal welfare. The research must consider all the factors and people involvement to this, never think in the individual but in the society. The future direction of transgenic research will be influenced by ongoing discussion and evaluation of ethical and societal issues that are raised. New Zealanders need to weigh up the risks and benefits associated with transgenic cows and decide what they consider to be acceptable. Selective breeding Selective breeding of animals is a selective mating to increase the possibility of obtaining certain characteristics in the animals in order to get better livestock. The type of mating selected depends on the goals. To produce the kinds of animal they want, breeders have to first understand the animal as a  species, then the animal as genetic individuals. Selective breeding use many techniques as outcrossing, linebreeding, inbreeding and hybrids. The more modern techniques involve a wide variety of laboratory methods, including embryo selection, artificial insemination, cloning and MOET. Traditional techniques: 1. Outcrossing – Mating two animals that are unrelated for at least 4 to 6  generations back is called an outcross. This method works best when the genetic  variation for a trait is high. 2. Linebreeding – Linebreeding involves mating related animals like half-brother/half-sister, cousins,  aunt/nephew,  and other more distant relationships. 3. Inbreeding – This breeding method involved mating directly related animals, like mother/son, father/daughter, and full brother/full sister (full siblings). This method is used generally to create uniformity and prepotency (the ability of this process to continue) and to force out latent weaknesses from the gene pool. . Hybrid – First generation cross between two animals that belong to different breeds. Hybrid is process that occurs in nature, particularly in plants. However, humans have learned how to manipulate the genes in a similar way using the same principles. With increased rate of mutations, offspring are selected that contain the genetic variation that suites the desired need. Hybrids contain a unique number of chromosomes when compared to distant relatives of similar genomes. The hybrids then carry traits of both species. 5. Composite – Two hybrids of same breed-combination bred back to each other for generations. Modern techniques: 1. Embryo Selection – Embryo Selection is used to select the best embryos according the livestock wanted. Embryo Selection is crucial in horticulture and agriculture. Sex Selection: Sometimes, one gender tends to be preferred for a specific purpose. Sex selection is vital for the production of offspring. a. Females are useful in commercial purposes eg) ju, dairy cows b. Males that are able to breed with many females to pass on desired traits; expensive if the cows are inseminated. 2. Embryo Manipulation – Embryo Manipulation takes place not long after fertilisation and beginning of the zygote process of mitosis (morula stage). The new cells formed are called blastomeres and they are totipotent from the 4 to 8 cell stage. In this time, scientist can manipulate the embryo in order to get some desired characteristics. 3. Artificial Insemination – Artificial insemination is the artificial introduction of semen from a male with desirable traits into females of the species to produce pregnancy, and is useful because a far larger number of offspring can be produced than would be possible if the animals were traditionally bred. . Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer (MOET) – MOET is the production of multiple embryos from a female with desirable traits, which are then implanted in the wombs of other females of the same species. 5. Cloning – Cloning, an asexual method of reproduction, produces an individual with the same genetic material (DNA) as another individual. Animals have been cloned by three processes: embryo splitting, blastomere dispersal, and nuclear transfer. Nuclear transfer is most common and involves enucleating an ovum, or egg, with all the genetic material removed. Implications Selective breeding programmes have resulted in higher yields and better disease resistance. Ultimately, breeding goals are dictated by market demand; however, it is not easy to predict what consumers will want several years in advance. Although it is extremely effective, there are disadvantages to this method. One of these is that for animal breeding to be performed productively, a number of animals must be involved in the process. Another problem is that undesirable traits can also mistakenly be selected for. For this reason, too much inbreeding will produce sickly or unproductive stock, and at times it is useful to breed two entirely different strains with each other. The resulting offspring are usually extremely healthy; this is referred to as hybrid vigor. Usually hybrid vigor is only expressed for a generation or two, but crossbreeding is still a very effective means to combat some of the disadvantages of inbreeding. Another practical disadvantage to selective inbreeding is that the DNA of the parents is altered during the production of eggs and sperm. In order to make eggs and sperm, which are called gametes, a special kind of  cell division  occurs called  meiosis, in which cells divide so that each one has half the normal number of chromosomes (in humans, each sperm and egg contains 23 chromosomes). Before this division occurs, the two pairs of chromosomes wrap around each other, and a phenomenon known as crossing over takes place in which sections of one chromosome will be exchanged with sections of the other chromosome so that new combinations are generated. The problem with crossing over is that some unexpected results can occur. For instance, the offspring of a bull homozygous for two recessive but desirable traits and a cow with normal genes will all have one copy of each recessive gene. But when these offspring produce gametes, one recessive gene may migrate to a different chromosome, so that the two traits no longer appear in one  gamete. Since most genes work in complicity with others to produce a certain trait, this can make the process of animal breeding very slow, and it requires many generations before the desired traits are obtained—if ever. Conclusion The evolution of scientific methods has been contributed lot through time. In the agricultural and horticultural environment, the transgenic and selective breeding methods have been improved livestock and better animal/plant health. Beyond, the researchers can contribute in fields such as medic and industrial. The techniques in both processes stimulate knowledge and improve the technology, resulting in employment and better conditions to the future. However, transgenesis and selective breading involve the manipulation of the natural order, bringing a polemic topic.

Parts Emporium Case Study Essay Example For Students

Parts Emporium Case Study Essay The important point is that firms must have the right amount of inventory to meet their competitive priorities. The only relevant costs considered in this chapter are ordering costs, holding costs, and stockpot costs. In the economic order quantity (EGO) model, costs of placing replenishment orders tradeoff against the costs of holding inventory. Under the assumptions of the EGO average inventory is one-half of the order quantity. The number of orders placed per year varies inversely with order quantity. When we consider stockpot costs, an additional inventory (satiety stock), is held to trade-off costs of poor customer service or costs for expediting shipments trot unreliable suppliers. In the lean systems chapter, we see order quantities (lot sizes) that are much smaller than the ideal suggested by the EGO model, As a result, lean systems average inventory is also much lower. Are there some other relevant costs of holding inventory that we have not considered in the EGO model? It there are, a firm that ignores these costs will make the wrong inventory sections. We will write a custom essay on Parts Emporium Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now These furlong decisions will make the firm less competitive. Lets examine the relationships between inventory and the nine competitive priorities discussed in the operations strategy chapter. We compare competitors H and L. They are similar in all respects except H maintains much higher inventory than does L _ I. Low-cost operations. Costs include materials, scrap, labor, and equipment capacity that are wasted when products are defective. When a process drifts out Of control, competitor Hes large lot sizes tend to result in large quantities of defectives. The EGO does not consider the cost of defectives, and erroneously assumes that setup costs are constant. Small lots cause frequent setups, but the cost per setup decreases due to the learning curve. Competitor L will enjoy competitive advantages with lower setup, materials, labor, equipment, and inventory holding costs. 2. Top quality. Superior features, durability, safety, and convenience result from improved designs. High inventories force competitor H to choose between scrapping obsolete designs or delaying introduction to product improvements until the old inventory is consumed. In either case, L gains a competitive advantage. 3. Consistent quality. Consistency in contorting to design specifications requires consistency in supplied materials, setups, and processes. Small lots made frequently tend to increase consistency, Again, advantage goes to L. 4 Delivery speed. Large lots take longer to produce than small lots. A customer will wait less time for competitor L to set up and produce orders made in small batches. 5. On-time delivery. Contrary to expectations, large inventories do not equate to on-time delivery. Its more like, lots Of inventory equals lots Of chaos. Big lots make big scheduling problems. Big lots get dropped, mishandled, and pilfered. Most lean companies experience dramatic improvement in on-time delivery. 6. Development speed. This response is similar to that given for top quality. LOW inventories result in getting new designs to the market more quickly. 7. Customization. Lean companies usually dont claim an advantage in customization. However, large inventories provide no advantage with regard to customization either. It remains unlikely that a customized product will be found in inventory, no matter how large. 8. Variety. Mass customize compete on service or product variety. They will keep products at raw material or component evils until a customer orders a specific configuration. Inventories are at as low a level as possible. 9. Volume flexibility, Lean (low inventory) companies tend to produce the same quantity to every product every day, but they claim considerable volume flexibility from month to month. On the other hand, a large finished goods inventory can be used to absorb volume fluctuations. In summary, a case can be made that several competitive priorities are not considered in the EGO model. .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 , .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 .postImageUrl , .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 , .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973:hover , .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973:visited , .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973:active { border:0!important; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973:active , .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973 .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufb1aa550c1655a2d412b0e3a266c1973:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The French And Indian War EssayIt is sometimes difficult to place a dollar value on these competitive advantages, but the advantages invariably go to the low- inventory, small lot-size firm. So if the EGO is etch large, what is the ideal lot size? According to the lean philosophy, the ideal lot size is one. 2. The continuous review system requires the determination Of two parameters: the order quantity and the reorder point. The ordering cost for each firm will decrease, Which means that the economic order quantities Will decrease. Because of this, there may be some implications for the logistics system. Smaller, more frequent shipments could require more costly less-than-truckload shipments. In addition, while the order quantities will decrease, the reorder points will also decrease because the lead times will be smaller. The supply chain should experience smaller pipeline inventories as a consequence. Fifth new information system also reduces the variance of demand or lead times, there can be additional safety stock savings. However, all of these benefits will come at some additional expense for the incorporation of the new system. There will be capital costs for equipment and potential training costs involved, 3. Organizations Will never get to the point where inventories are unneeded, Inventories provide many tensions and should be managed, not eliminated. It is impossible to eliminate uncertainties in the provision of products or services. In edition, unless materials can be transported instantaneously, there will always be pipeline inventories. Cycle inventories will exist unless we universally get to the point where production of single units is feasible. PROBLEMS I _ Lockwood Industries First we rank the SKU from top to bottom on the basis of their dollar usage. Then we partition them into classes. The analysis was done using MM Explorer Tutor. 1 -?BBC Analysis. Cumulative % Description Sty Seeders Value Dollar Usage Pact of Total of Dollar Value of SKU Class 44,000 51. 00 4,000 60. 0% 12. 5% 70,000 $21 ,oho 286% 88. 7% 25. 0% $4. 50 $4,050 5. 5% 94. 2% 37. 5% 120,000 0. 03 $3,600 50. 0% SO,90 $315 99. 5% 62, $1. 50 5300 0. 4% 99. 9% 75. 0% $0. 45 $45 100. 0% 87. 5% 50. 01 Total 573,322 The dollar usage percentages dont exactly match the predictions of BBC analysis. For example, Class A SSW account for 88. 7% tooth total, rather than 80%.